Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Hudinai, M., Liu, M., Veberic, R., Stamper, F. & Colaria, M. Phenolic compounds in the fruit of different varieties of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. The roots of other species however will occasionally send up suckers, or shoots, that grow up and through the soil to develop if undisturbed into fully-grown plants with their own root system. Acta Hortic. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China, W. Zhang,P. Ahanbieke,B. J. Wang&L. H. Li, Institute of Soil and Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, 830091, Xinjiang, China, Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK, You can also search for this author in Front. What is the best way to plant a jujube tree? Moreover, 2000 years ago, jujube had spread throughout China, large-scale jujube commercial production areas had developed, and jujube had become one of the five most important fruit trees in China, namely, peach, apricot, plum, chestnut, and jujube. In 4th International Jujube Symposium, XXX International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey (International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2018) (in press). Sci. B, Hortic.XLIII, 203206 (2000). Univ.21, 124126 (2009). Agrofor Syst 43:534, Schroth G, Zech W (1995) Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system with Gliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa. Food Sci.33, 4851 (2012). J. Shanxi Agric. Process.8, 4547 (2014). More than 95% of grafts take successfully if scion wood is coated with a thin layer of wax. Dongzao. 1. Spectr. The beginning of this period was marked by the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949. Luo, Z. Hybrid plant production was increased by 100 times using the new system, and a large number of hybrid progeny were obtained from 19 cross combinations, of which a number of superior lines were selected70. Liu, M., Wang, J., Wang, L. et al. The Chinese jujube tree always presents some unfavorable performances because its vegetative growth is very vigorous. The results of sensory tests and analyses with common consumers of different ages and origins are positive and encouraging14,152. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Planting Tips. Among them, stimulating sucker propagation by cutting off the roots at the periphery of the vertical projection of the canopy and separating fasciculate suckers can increase the reproductive coefficient, while gathering and nurturing the suckers in a nursery can greatly improve the quality of the root system. It has unique branch and bud characteristics, i.e., usually only the primary shoots can extend, the dormant buds have a very long life, the secondary shoots die back naturally each, the mother-bearing shoots can only extend by ~1mm per year, and the bearing shoots fall off in the fall. The male sterility and kernelless traits are controlled by homozygous recessive genes, and some QTL loci of quantitative traits have also been identified92,93,94,95. However, the earliest records and evidence from Iran and Japan could only be traced back to 2000 YA, when SinoJapan exchanges became popular and Zhang Qian was sent on a diplomatic mission to west Asia and European countries during the Han Dynasty. quinequeflora Hort. Wang, L. et al. 1). Roots were sampled by auger in 2-, 4- and 6-year-old jujube tree/wheat intercropping and in sole wheat and 2-, 4- and 6-year-old sole jujube down to 100cm depth in the soil profile. Sin.36, 807813 (2009). Evaluation on nutritious characteristics and germplasm screening of different Chinese jujube cultivars. In this period, the first jujube research monograph Da Zao Pu, written by Liu Guan (Yuan dynasty, 1300), which recorded 71 jujube cultivars, was published. & Liu, M. Screening and evaluation of germplasms with high resistance to fruit cracking in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Period. Based on a systematic study of the historical taxonomic literature, Liu et al. Based on the nationwide germplasm investigation, the National Chinese Jujube Repository was constructed in Taigu, Shanxi Province, by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China. Lucrri tiinifice Ser. There are two parts necessary for grafting: the rootstock, used for the root system; and the scion, the chosen cultivar or variety. in subtropical and tropical regions. Zhang et al. First, jujubes can satisfactorily meet the various needs of growers. ), or Chinese date, is the most important species of Rhamnaceae, a large cosmopolitan family, and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. The fruit is also a rich source of polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and pigments3,4,11. Planta248, 11871199 (2018). Agric. Google Scholar, Bhm W (1979) Methods of studying root systems. Liu, P. et al. Ji, Q. Converting traditional flood irrigation to drip irrigation would solve water deficit and salt stress. Res.17, 307313 (1999). An evolutionary divergence analysis of jujube, pear and Prunus mume found that the 4DTv (fourfold synonymous third-codon transversion) rate of jujube peaked at only 0.50, suggesting that no recent whole-genome duplication had occurred in jujube12. Wang, N., Liu, M., Dai, L. & Qin, Z. More farmers in China now graft or bud onto seedling rootstocks. Acquisition of triploid germplasms by controlled hybridization between diploid and tetraploid in Chinese jujube. Based on the challenges facing the jujube industry, we discuss eight research aspects to be focused on in the future. A new excellent tetraploid table cultivar of sour jujubeZhuguang. The high level of sugar accumulation in jujube fruit is due to the expansion and high-level expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport. Anther/pollen culture has also been practiced in jujube, and some plants have been generated from pollen73,83. trees51, 810 (2019). When made into glac fruits by boiling in honey and sugar syrup, they resemble Persian dates and are sometimes known as Chinese dates. Jujube fruits are eaten fresh, dried, boiled, stewed, and baked and are used to flavour tea. It originates from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the mother river of the Chinese people. Sci. spinosa. Wang, L. et al. Huang, J. et al. Agrofor Syst 48:2540, Gruenewald H, Brandt BKV, Schneider BU, Bens O, Kendzia G, Huettl RF (2007) Agroforestry systems for the production of woody biomass for energy transformation purposes. A strategy combining WGS sequencing, BAC-to-BAC and WGS-PCR-free library was employed to address the impact of the high complexity of the jujube genome, which has a high heterozygosity of 1.90%, a low GC content of 33.41% and a high density of simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) (378.1 per Mb). var. Stnic, F. Characterization of two Romanian local biotypes of Ziziphus jujuba. Process.2, 5255 (2010). Moreover, at the end of the Shang Dynasty, the description of Jujube picked in August in the Book of Songs indicated that jujube orchards had appeared by at least 3000 YA. Because jujubes demand high light intensities for good output, they should be spaced 10 to 15 feet apart. Using the genome data, 511 pairs of SSR primers showing high polymorphism were screened and applied for the identification of large-scale hybrid progeny and a genetic diversity analysis18,19,20. In August 2010 (the jujube tree fruit setting period), shovels were used to excavate one trench for each age of stand, measuring 6 m length (three . It has great potential in international markets, as currently, its export proportion is <0.5% in China. Jiang, H. & Liu, M. Studies on polyploid induction of Chinese jujube with colchicine. Bot.165, 92107 (2019). When the two plant species grow together interspecific interactions between them inevitably occur. Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding (2017). CAS The roots of Jujube tree can better stretch in the new pot soil and quickly adapt to the new soil. Hortic.01, 7478 (2019). From the 1950s to 1980s, the first nationwide jujube germplasm investigation was carried out; a total of 700 jujube cultivars and 30 wild sour jujube genotypes were determined through synonym and homonym identification and recorded in the book China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube1. In vitro induction of tetraploid Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var. Pap. Shi, Q. et al. Jujube benefits the body in its ability to support sleep and gut health. HortScience48, 672680 (2013). & Ma, Z. J. Ningxia Agric. Model checking. J. J. Beijing. Stnic, F. Rezultate preliminare privind micronmulirea in vitro a curmalului chinezesc (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) The joint map across the 12 linkage groups (the same as the basic chromosome number in jujube) spanned 1020.22cM, with a mean marker distance of 0.32cM. (5) Macroscopic research on jujube is still quite weak, and the existing studies in nontraditional fields such as ecological and cultural studies and the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries are insufficient. South Univ. The pure polyploid shoot could form flowers and even set fruits for further evaluation in the same year as the polyploid induction. Mao, Y. et al. From 500 CE to 1949, the cultivation of jujube mostly followed traditional methods. In recent years, the interploidy hybridization of jujube and the interspecific hybridization between jujube and sour jujube were successfully carried out20,84,85. Google Scholar, Maghembe JA, Kaoneka ARS, Lulandala LLL (1986) Intercropping, weeding and spacing effects on growth and nutrient content in Leucaena leucocephala at Morogoro, Tanzania. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. In: Ashton MS, Montagnini F (eds) The silvicultural basis for agroforestry systems. Sin.20, 305306 (1993). Food Res. Fruit scientific research in new China in the past 70 years: Chinese jujube. Google Scholar. Sci. Dried jujube (the main form) can be stored for more than 1 year at room temperature with proper insect control and for 23 years at 4C. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. Fresh jujube fruit can be kept fresh for 24 months under controlled atmosphere storage or controlled freezing-point storage. Acta Hortic. In this latest period, research achievements have been very fruitful. In the last 10 years, a high-efficiency hybrid breeding technology system combining male-sterile germplasm, embryo rescue, net control hybridization, and molecular identification was established. Therefore, the development of jujube can make efficient use of marginal lands, improve the environment, and provide farmers in rural regions with an agricultural industry that is easy to manage and provides high revenues. Period. CAS The density of SSRs in the jujube genome reaches 378 SSRs per Mb, which is approximately two times the density in peach and apple12. Jujube tree yields in dryland saline soils are restricted by water shortages and soil salinity. Exp. Jujube Witches' Broom Disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is the most destructive disease of Chinese jujube. Preparation of oligosaccharides by degradation of polysaccharides from Chinese jujube and its biological activity. The central and local governments encouraged jujube growing via legislation to increase farmer incomes and improve the environment. Liu, Z. et al. Genome-wide screening of SSR markers and reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis. Jujube research can be roughly divided into five periods as follows10. The overall objective should be to meet the various needs of farmers, processers, marketers and consumers. Sci. Forests10, 392 (2019). Sin.41, 21152124 (2014). Miao, L. The Analysis of Tripenoids of the Fruit of Chinese Jujube. J. Wuhan. . J. Genome sequencing-based multiomics analysis combining transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and phenotypic data has taken horticultural research to a new level. This new technology synchronously produces multiple products such as cyclic nucleotides, dietary fiber, and jujube oil from one raw material103. & Wang, C. Study on respiration type of Chinese jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Sin.33, 687 (2006). var. Consequently, it is difficult to fulfill the new demands of government and enterprises for scientific decision-making. Agrofor Syst 50:116, Friday JB, Fownes JH (2002) Competition for light between hedgerows and maize in an alley cropping system in Hawaii, USA. A gene block located in the region from 9.20 to 14.68Mb of pseudochromosome 1 is highly conserved and contains many genes related to sugar metabolism and stress tolerance. Zhao, Z., Liu, M. & Tu, P. A bioactive polysaccharide isolated from the fruits of Chinese jujube. Liu, M., Zhao, J. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. J.W. Pruning is necessary if you want to keep your Jujube tree down to a manageable height. Univ. Research content should be more systematic and cover both micro- and macro-issues. Acta Hortic.769, 265269 (2006). Fresh keeping and changes in some physiological indexes of Chinese Dongzao jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) (5) Environmentally friendly and high-efficiency pest management integrating physical, agricultural, and biological approaches: minimizing the use of chemical pesticides and reducing chemical residues; promoting labor-saving and low-cost pest and disease control systems; and ensuring high yields, high fruit quality, and food safety. Ploidy segregation and pure tetraploid acquirement from mixoploid (2x + 4x) Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The Illustrated Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2013). Evaluation of Six Natural Variants and Screening of Genes Associated with Twisted Branches in Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. Liu, P. et al. var. var. Planting: Dig a hole big enough for the root system to fit in. cv. It is expected to become one of the most promising fruit trees in the arid and semiarid regions of the world. Agric. Optimization of extraction conditions of -carotene in Chinese jujube fruits. We summarized historical research achievements from the past 3000 years and reviewed recent research advances since 1949 in seven fields, including genome sequencing and application, germplasm resources and systematic taxonomy, breeding and genetics, cultivation theory and techniques, pest control, postharvest physiology and techniques, and nutrition and processing. Technol.37, 916 (2017). Construction of a high-density genetic map of Ziziphusjujuba Mill. In addition, other books such as Descriptors and Data Standards for Jujube Germplasm56, Test Guidelines for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stabilityjujube57, Technical Regulators for the Identification of Jujube Cultivars-SSR Marker Method provide references and technical standards for character selection, data collection, testing, and identification in jujube germplasm studies. Guo, Y. Dongzao. Sun, H. & Tian, Y. Correspondence to Sci. Sci. Jour. Softwood grafting in early spring also gave success of 90%. Qi, J. et al. and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng67,68. Fruit. Anal.73, 1016 (2018). Once the sucker has established a root system . Converting dehydroascorbic acid to AsA (vitamin C) resolved the bottleneck problem in the determination of dehydroascorbic acid, and accurate determination methods for the two kinds of vitamin C in jujube were finalized141,143. This technique has become a common practice in fresh jujube production. Mol. 3). Approximately 1500 YA (the Northern Wei Dynasty), Jia Simiao wrote a famous agricultural book called Qi Min Yao Shu that not only recorded 45 jujube cultivars but also described cultivar selection breeding, orchard site selection, planting times and methods, flower thinning, girdling, harvesting, and jujube paste processing. Tree Genet. Roman. Nat. Chem. It was reported that jujube originated from the Yellow River valley between Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, China, after studying ancient documents, fossils and modern distributions as well as the transitional genotypes of jujube and sour jujube1,5. The observation of flowering characteristics of Chinese jujube. Wang, L. et al. It ferments readily and lose firmness when it is tightly sealed in conventional plastic bags under cold storage. Change of several nutrients in Jun jujube during drying process. The small yellow flowers are followed by dark brown, round to oblong fruits the size of small plums. Chireceanu, C., Iamandei, M., Stnic, F. & Chiriloaie, A. Rapid SNP discovery and a RAD-Based high-density linkage map in jujube (Ziziphus Mill.). Study on the content of polysaccharides in different cultivars, growing periods and organs in Chinese Jujube. Liu, X., Chen, L., Wang, J., Li, L. & Peng, J. Discovery and identification of natural triploid ploidy of Chinese jujube cultivar Pingguozao. Sin.20, 8691 (1987). In addition, 11 jujube cultivars were recorded in Erya, a book written 2600 years ago. Hortic. Method 3: is a universal technology free of emasculation, i.e., covering the parents with nets to keep away unexpected pollen donors, pollinating by bees inside the nets, and identifying the hybrids with molecular markers84. Zhang, C., Bian, Y., Hou, S. & Li, X. Anal.39, 230234 (2019). ISSN 2052-7276 (online) North. Cymosiflora Cheng et Liu and Ser. & Jiang, K. Bionomics of a Polygus lucorum in jujube orchards. Farm Prod. Self-alignment of the jujube genome sequences based on the 23,996 gene models identified 943 paralogous gene groups, indicating that the jujube genome may have undergone frequent intrachromosomal fusions and segment duplication during its evolutionary history. Acta Hortic. Sin.41, 14951510 (2014). Therefore, jujube has broad prospects as a material for the development of healthy foods with high nutrition value. Preliminary study on in vitro culture of shoot segment in Chinese jujube. Rev.32, 229298 (2006). Yuan, Z., Lu, Y., Zhao, J. Liu, M. Chinese jujube: botany and horticulture. During the past 70 years, jujube research has greatly advanced. The trend of jujube industrial development and research. Distribution and dynamics of fine roots length and biomass. Based on the classical taxonomic system, jujube is listed in the Rhamnaceae family, Rhamnales order63. It was discovered that an autotetraploid sour jujube had higher tolerance to salinity than the diploid, and its preliminary molecular mechanism was illustrated80,81. Agric Ecosyst Environ 52:129140, Vandermeer J (1989) The ecology of intercropping. Water and fertilizer are the two main factors which promote the rapid growth of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) trees. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The evapotranspiration of jujube root zone was calcu lated by water . It can be seen that jujube fruit can meet the marketers demand for profits and risk avoidance. J. Hebei Agric. Sin.43, 966974 (2016). fruits in China. & Wang, Y. Chinese Fruit Trees Record-Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 1993). However, jujubes and sour jujubes are very closely related, with cross-compatibility and transitional types between them. In the years to come, jujube research can focus on the following eight aspects: (1) Multiomics analysis of the formation mechanisms of the important unique traits of jujube to provide a solid foundation for molecular breeding, high-efficiency cultivation, and high-nutrition processing. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Jujube tree needs to change its pots when it is young, turning pots and changing soil. Chen et al. Sin.36, 196200 (2003). Liu, M. & Cheng, J. Asian J. Chem.24, 792796 (2012). Google Scholar. Comparing the tetraploid jujube cultivar Riguang and its diploid counterpart Dongzao, Riguang has wider and darker green leaves, higher chlorophyll content, a higher photosynthesis rate, larger stomata, larger pollen and flowers, wider and larger fruits, and an earlier maturation time but is also less vigorous and less cold hardy79. performed reference collection and analysis. Wang, J., Liu, M. & Dai, L. Advances in tissue culture of Chinese jujube. Acad. Acta Hortic. Combining comparative genome, transcriptome, and metabolome data, the molecular mechanism underlying the high contents of ascorbic acid (AsA) and sugar in jujube fruit (~100 and 2 times those of apple, respectively) were revealed. Flora of China (Science Press, 2007). Its flower bud differentiation and fruit set habit are also very distinct, with a short flower bud differentiation time (10 days), a 2-month flowering season, and a low fruit set of only ~1%. Effects of different treatments on storage quality of Dongzao jujube fruits during shelf-life period. Sci. Huang, W., Wang, S. & Guo, H. Advances on cutting propagation techniques of Chinese jujube. Jujube Tree Roots. ISSN 2662-6810 (print), The historical and current research progress on jujubea superfruit for the future, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, Germplasm resources and genetic breeding of Paeonia: a systematic review, Comparative population genomics dissects the genetic basis of seven domestication traits in jujube, A roadmap for research in octoploid strawberry, Advancing crop genomics from lab to field, RosBREED: bridging the chasm between discovery and application to enable DNA-informed breeding in rosaceous crops, Prunus genetics and applications after de novo genome sequencing: achievements and prospects, The genome of cultivated peanut provides insight into legume karyotypes, polyploid evolution and crop domestication, An update on the arsenal: mining resistance genes for disease management of Brassica crops in the genomic era, Identification and stacking of crucial traits required for the domestication of pennycress, http://jujube.genomics.cn/page/species/index.jsp, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Identification and expression analysis of BURP domain-containing genes in jujube and their involvement in low temperature and drought response, Comparison of ascorbate metabolism in fruits of two jujube species with differences in ascorbic acid content, Genomic constitution and relationships of Ziziphus species collected from Malakand Division, Pakistan, Multiple responses contribute to the enhanced drought tolerance of the autotetraploid Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Judging from old grafted jujube trees, grafting has been used for at least 1000 years. Liang, C., Zhao, J. and its wild ancestor sour jujube (Z. acidojujuba Cheng et Liu). (7) Nontraditional research fields: integrating the whole industry chain, the new fields of value-added products, related advanced technologies, and technical standards. Nat. Second, jujube fruits can satisfactorily meet the various needs of consumers. Eng.3, 131136 (2016). Li, H. et al. Jujubes do best in warm, dry climates, but can tolerate winter lows down to -20 degrees F. (-29 C.). var. Sin.45, 14231424 (2018). Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. It seems that you can pretty much . Bot. in China. var. A total of 23,996 genes (73% of the total annotated genes) were allocated on the 12 pseudochromosomes. & Liu, M. Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) The traditional production region formation period (Zhou DynastyHan Dynasty, or 1000 BCE1 CE). Sci. Farm Prod. Sci.29, 366373 (2012). PubMed Central After entering the 21st century, protected cultivation techniques for fresh jujube have developed gradually. The genus Ziziphus was grouped into two sections based on geographical distribution, bearing shoot persistence, and leaf hairiness. 41, 8285 (2005). When made into glac fruits by boiling in honey and sugar syrup, they resemble Persian dates and are sometimes known as Chinese dates. We would like to thank Mr. Robert Heyduck from New Mexico State University for his review of this paper before submission. A field study was conducted at Hetian oasis, southern Xinjiang, northwestern China, to investigate root distribution and morphology affected by interspecific interactions between jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) CAS Drain the fruit, and add rum and/or vanilla to taste. Ciceoi, R., Dobrin, I., Mardare, E. S., Dicianu, E. D. & Stnic, F. Emerging pests of Ziziphus jujuba crop in. Stnic, F., Dicianu, D. E., Butcaru, A. C. & Iliescu, L. M. Preliminary results about Romanian consumers preferences on jujube fruits. N. W. SCI-TECH Uni. (2) The modern and highly efficient breeding system is still not fully established, and it is difficult to meet the demands of accelerated cultivar development. Yao, S. Past, present, and future of jujubesChinese dates in the United States. et al. Jujube hardwood cuttings are quite difficult to propagate, presenting a rooting rate of usually <30%, and have rarely been used in commercial production. 7. Fruit. jujube, either of two species of small spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. var. In this period, the modern jujube industry system was initially established by the application of modern scientific technology. In 2014, de novo genome sequencing of jujube was accomplished (the first in the Rhamnaceae family)12.
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