nypd medal of valor recipients

Unbeknownst to him, the two male occupants had just robbed a bank. The Honor Legion, founded in 1900, is the oldest Fraternal Organization in the New York City Police Department. New York City Police Department Medal for Valor - WIKI 2 "It is a solemn responsibility, and one that every cop faces just by coming to work. He stopped his patrol vehicle a few yards north of where Thomas was standing, idling it between the individual and Officer Losurdo. . It was first awarded in 2008. The 9/11 Heroes Medal of Valor: Honoring Remembering Fallen Heroes Seed saving is a great way to ensure the survival of your plants, and it's also an economical choice. Sergeant Owens returned fire until the suspect lay motionless. . Press Release - Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg - New York City Additionally, modern pennies are only 2.5% copper, so older pennies should be used instead for better results. Note: As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. New York's Medal of Honor Recipients - The State of New York Despite being shot, Trooper Sperr drew his sidearm and returned fire upon the assailants, wounding both of them before they had an opportunity to flee the scene. This incident occurred on the Southern State Parkway, Long Island. Medal of Honor Combat Cross Beyond the Line of Duty Medal of Valor Purple Shield Distinguished Service This website is dedicated to the highest and most decorated officers of the New York City Police Department. Police Officers Marlene Loos, Kit Gabrielsen and Alphonso Ray of the Suffolk County Police Department, subdued and arrested an individual after Officer Loos was attacked, disarmed and shot while handling an assault case. [1] The Medal of Honor is awarded for individual acts of extraordinary bravery performed in the line of duty at extreme risk and danger to life.[2]. The NYPD Medal of Honor Design The medal is a gold Maltese Cross with the seal of New York City set in the center obverse and surrounded by the inscription, " For Valor, Police ". At the 2006 Medal Day Ceremony in New York, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and NYPD Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly awarded 13 Medals for Valor: Rome Police Officer Donald Moore - If I remember correctly the cops initials were GM who got the medal in question. Also was one of the 1st documented caes of PTSS. However, another police vehicle caused the perpetrator's car to lose control and become immobilized. While interviewing the passenger behind the stopped vehicle, the operator suddenly exited the vehicle, pointing a handgun at both Troopers, ordering them to put their hands up. The suspect then immediately exited his vehicle with the shotgun to his shoulder. The "Police Silver Medal" and "Gold Medal of Valor" was first awarded on August 17, 1871 to Patrolman Bernard Tull of the 19th Precinct who arrested a burglar after being shot at. Sergeant Paul Tuozzolo, 43 Precinct Patrol Supervisor #2, and his operator, then-Police Officer Arvid Flores, also responded to the location. Police Officer John Yotter of the Lockport City Police Department responded quickly to an early morning house fire. The New York City Police Department's Medal for Valor is the department's third highest medal. Officer Reed returned to his vehicle to retrieve his patrol rifle and advise other responding officers about what was happening. Lieutenant Finn was able to return fire, striking the suspect numerous times. The gunman then turned his fire on Officer Reed, who sought cover. The New York City Police Department also maintains a Medal of Valor, presented for acts of bravery above the call of duty but not at the level required for the Medal of Honor, and the Combat Crossfor life-threatening armed engagements with criminals, in addition to a wide variety of other medals. 2020-2021 Recipients: The public safety officers listed below (or their family members) were recognized in a ceremony on May 16, 2022. On November 4, 2016, at approximately 11:45 a.m., then-Sergeant Emmanuel Kwo, 43 Precinct Patrol Supervisor # 1, and his operator, responded to a gunpoint robbery in progress that originated from a 911 call, involving a violent custody dispute between a man and his estranged wife. New York State Troopers Ian Henry, Rodney Livolsi and Steven Borbee - On Jan. 10, 2009, a routine traffic stop on Interstate 90 in East Greenbush escalated into a dramatic gun battle. Since the United States has a decentralized police force, with separate independent departments existing on the state and local level . NYPD Medal Information - Thee RANT flicks, New York City Police Department Medal for Valor Wikipedia, Detective James Monaco, Queens Special Victims Squad Detective Bureau, Police Officer Ernest Kenner, 73rd Precinct, Sergeant Anthony J. Sestito, 122nd Precinct, Detective Hector Natal, 33rd Detective Squad, Police Officer Branden Pedrosa, 33rd Precinct, Sergeant Gilbert Noa, Transit District 12, Detective Josue Barreto, Bronx Robbery Squad, Police Officer Mehmet Buyukdag, 48th Precinct, Police Officer James Jacoberger, 43rd Precinct, Police Officer Gregory Jeung, 48th Precinct, Detective Michael Callan, Manhattan North Homicide Task Force Detective Bureau, Detective Thomas Clarke, Manhattan North Homicide Task Force Detective Bureau, Captain Daniel Carione, Internal Affairs Bureau, Detective Arturo Willis Counter Terrorism Division, Police Officer Carlos Arroyo Brooklyn South Gang Squad, Retired Police Officer Kai Wong 47th Precinct, Sergeant William Danchak Employee Management Division, Sergeant Richard Pignateli 67th Precinct, Detective James Halleran Emergency Service Squad 8, Police Officer Margaret Zaffarese Police Academy, Police Officer Robert Burns 113th Precinct, Police Officer Shannon Pearl 113th Precinct, Sergeant Michael Ruzzi Police Service Area 7, Police Officer Joseph Foreman, III School Safety Division, Police Officer Brian Sheehy 120th Precinct, Sergeant Robert Henderson Intel Operations and Analysis Section, Detective Herbert Martin 81st Detective Squad, Police Officer Brendan Owens Manhattan North Robbery Squad, Lieutenant Timothy Farrell 101st Precinct, Sergeant Patrick ONeill Counter Terrorism, Police Officer Joseph Cruzado Gang Squad Queens, Sergeant Brian OToole Internal Affairs Bureau, Police Officer Ronald Martiny 103rd Precinct, Police Officer John Purcell Harbor Unit, Detective Richard Burt Intelligence Division, Police Officer Edward Cantaloupe 44th Precinct, Police Officer Gregory Chin Transit District #4, Sergeant Louis DeCeglie Narcotics Borough Manhattan South, Police Officer Maribeth Diaz MTS Precinct, Former Police Officer Stephen Donohue 47th Precinct, Lieutenant Kevin Gallagher Narcotics Borough Brooklyn South, Detective Alfred Robinson Detective Borough Brooklyn North Operations, Detective James Schweiker 17th Precinct, Lieutenant Lawrence Serras Emergency Services Unit, Sergeant Robert Abramson Patrol Borough Manhattan North Anti-Crime Unit, Detective Steven Browning Aviation Unit, Detective Christopher Condon Emergency Service Unit, Detective Keith Connelly Emergency Services Unit, Detective Peter Quinn Emergency Services Unit, Detective Nicholas Romano Queens Gang Squad, Police Officer Zachary Bonner 32nd Precinct, Police Officer Nicholas Douglas (retired) 32nd Precinct, Police Officer Derrick Edouard 41st Precinct, Police Officer Daniel Ehrenreich 32nd Precinct, Police Officer Ryan Norman Emergency Services Unit, Lieutenant Patrick Brown 23 Precinct Detective Squad, Sergeant Anthony Gulotta Patrol Borough Brooklyn North (75 Precinct Impact), Detective Fredric Daughtry 63 Precinct Detective Squad, Detective Alexander Grandstaff 81 Precinct Detective Squad, Detective Vito Nicoletta 75 Precinct Detective Squad, Police Officer Arvid Flores 43 Precinct, Police Officer Jason Jackson 75 Precinct, Police Officer Zahid Mehmood 78 Precinct Detective Squad, Police Officer Paul Mertens Detective Borough Bronx, Police Officer Peter Naughton Patrol Borough Queens North Specialized Units, Police Officer Richard Pengel 25 Precinct Detective Squad, Police Officer Daniel Trione 75 Precinct. Officer Francemone, who was patrolling alone when gunfire erupted, also successfully defended herself when members of the crowd attacked her as she attempted to secure the area. The reverse bears the inscription of the recipients name. He was violently attacked, and his service weapon fell to the ground. On the obverse is the figure of a draped female placing a wreath upon the head of a police officer. Individual acts of extraordinary bravery intelligently performed in the line of duty at imminent and personal danger to life. His bravery saved the driver's life. Crime Info. On the obverse are the arms of the City of New York, the names of the police commissioners, and the words "Municipal Police". Other Medal of Honor recipients include Detectives Robert Parker and Patrick Rafferty, who were gunned down by a career criminal on Sept. 10, 2004, and Police. The medal serves as a reminder of the sacrifices and risks NYPD officers face every day in their efforts to protect and serve the people of New York City. Professor Giacalone is a recipient of the NYPD Medal for Valor. The Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor is awarded by the President to public safety officers cited by the Attorney General and recommended by the Medal of Valor Review Board. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. All rights reserved. Mayor Michael Bloomberg and NYPD Police Commissioner . Acts of outstanding personal bravery intelligently performed in the line of duty at imminent personal hazard to life under circumstances evincing a disregard of personal consequences. Upon arriving at the scene, he saw smoke and heard cries "Save my baby!" Placing the safety of others above their own personal well being, their quick actions were instrumental in bringing a highly dangerous situation to a fast and successful conclusion. Milana and Officer Losurdo, who returned fire. I love reading books and watching sci fi Two of the officers suffered smoke inhalation and a third was treated for a laceration to his leg, as well as smoke inhalation. Medal Day is one of the Department's most time-honored traditions, dating back to 1869. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly awarded six Medals of Valor at the 2011 Medal Day ceremony. An act of intelligent and valuable police service demonstrating special faithfulness or perseverance, OR. By collecting seeds from your own garden or buying them in bulk, you can save money on future purchases. Fourteen police officers were awarded the Medal of Valor for bravery on the job. When worn, it is affixed above any other medal. If you make a whole bunch of 511 collars you get these. An idea implemented that improves conditions within a Community. Mayor Michael Bloombergand NYPD Police CommissionerRaymond Kelly awarded the first 13 Medals for Valor at the 2006 Medal Day Ceremony in New York. Many small children had to be carried. The New York City Police Department Medal of Valor is the department's third highest medal, conferred for acts of outstanding personal bravery intelligently performed in the line of duty at imminent personal hazard to life under circumstances evincing a disregard of personal consequences. With the aid of Good Samaritans who witnessed the violent attack and rushed to his aid, Officer Wright managed to take the suspect into custody. The public safety officers listed below (or their family members) were recognized in a ceremony on May 16, 2022. Professor Giacalone is a recipient of the NYPD Medal for Valor You can't fight crime without the cops. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Simultaneously the officers began taking fire from another parked vehicle. The medal hangs from a ring and suspender on which the letters "NY" are interlocked (the current logo of the New York Yankees is based on this element of the Tiffany-designed medal) and attached to a top bar that is inscribed with the word "valor". 1971 Medal of Valor Recipients - LAPD Online. At that time, Sergeant Kwo, Sergeant Tuozzolo, Police Officer Flores, and Probationary Police Officer Martinez approached the vehicle to confront the gunman and bring him into custody. [6], Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly awarded fifteen Medals of Valor at the 2012 Medal Day ceremony. Sergeant Kenneth E. Burdick of Oswego County Sheriff's Department saw the headlights of an oncoming car disappear while rounding a curve. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly awarded thirteen Medals of Valor at the 2013 Medal Day ceremony. On July 5, 1921, at a meeting of the Honor Committee of the New York City Police Department, the Martin J. Sheridan Medal for Valor was established in honor of Detective Martin J. Sheridan the Irish-American Athletic Clubs star Olympic champion who died in 1918 on the eve of his 37th birthday. Just as Trooper Rodriquez succeeded in moving the driver to a safe distance from the vehicle, it burst into flames, becoming fully engulfed. Medal of Honor. The public safety officers listed below (or their family members) were recognized in a ceremony on February 20, 2018. The Honor Legion is composed of members of the Police Force of the City of New York, comprising all ranks, who during the history of the Honor Legion have received Department recognition and have been awarded medals of Honorable Mention for deeds of valor performed at imminent risk . He has a distinguished 8-year career, effecting over 800 arrests, 300 of which involved possession of a loaded gun. One of the medals was awarded posthumously to Police Officer David When worn, it is affixed just above the shield and below any other medal. FDNY Medal Day Publications - New York City On the reverse is an inscription of the act of bravery and the names of the city's commissioners. The outer background and ribbon are police blue. Family of Sgt. Paul Tuozzolo accept Medal of Honor for NYPD hero killed Grave personal danger in the performance of duty, OR. To further complicate the situation, a high voltage transformer which was attached to the pole, threatened to explode. The recipient's name is engraved on the reverse side of the medal.[1]. These nominations are reviewed by a panel, which evaluates the circumstances and actions of the nominee. The Honor Legion is composed of members of the Police Force of the City of New York, comprising all ranks, who during the history of the Honor Legion have received Department recognition and have been awarded medals of Honorable Mention for deeds of valor performed at imminent risk of life or who have been commended for meritorious acts at personal risk, and who are entitled to wear the insignia of their Department. Upon exiting their vehicle, Officers Yan and Timoshenko were met with gunfire, each being struck twice. The image of the Police Memorial Statue, representing the years of selfless service that New York City police officers have given to its citizens, is cast in the center of the medal. Press Release Archives #428-98 - Honor NYPD Heroes at Medal Day Ceremony Once only reserved to be worn by any NYPD officer who was in active service during, or worked details related to the follow up on, the. Investigator Parisian quickly removed store patrons from danger by escorting them out a back door to safety, whereupon he returned to the front of the store concerned for two employees still trapped by the perpetrator. At the 2006 Medal Day Ceremony in New York, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and NYPD Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly awarded 13 Medals for Valor: At the 2007 Medal Day Ceremony in New York, Mayor Michael Bloomberg and NYPD Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly awarded 14 Medals for Valor: Twelve Medals of Valor were awarded at the 2008 Medal Day ceremony by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly: Thirteen Medals of Valor were awarded at the 2009 Medal Day ceremony by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly: There were fifteen Medals of Valor awarded by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly at the 2010 Medal Day ceremony. By law, only U.S. service members who distinguish themselves . Lieutenant Finn responded and subsequently engaged a suspect in a foot pursuit. The words "For Valor, Police Department City of New York" are written on the face of the medal in gold lettering. The present NYPD Medal of Honor was created on October 23, 1973. Officers Gabrielsen and Ray came to Officers Loos' aid, were engaged in a gun battle with her attacker and eventually subdued and arrested the individual. Upon arriving, Officer Wright sought to diffuse the situation. Past Recipients 2019. Officer Yan continues to serve with the NYPD. Mediterranean evergreen laurel leaves, representing honor and glory dating back to ancient Rome, surround the center of the medal. Courtesy of Celtic Park Productions and the Sheridan Family. The Medal for Valor is typically presented during the NYPD Medal Day ceremony, an annual event held to honor the exceptional service and achievements of NYPD officers. Rochester Police Officer Dennison "Denny" Wright . His quick action resulted in saving the lives of five people who would surely have otherwise drowned. A second award is denoted by a gold leaf. The medal was initially paid for through a trust fund established by the Martin J. Sheridan Memorial Committee, with New York State Supreme Court Justice Daniel F. Cohalan serving as chairman. The NYPD also bestowed 41 others awards, including the highest Medal of Honor, as well as the Police Combat Cross and Medal For Valor in the latest version of a venerable police tradition Fifteen . Segur observed Trooper Grebleski and the suspect vehicle in the distance in front of him and caught up to them. The Medal for Valor (solid blue bar) is awarded for: Acts of outstanding personal bravery intelligently performed in the line of duty at imminent personal hazard to life under circumstances evincing a disregard of personal consequences. He was a buffy guy who had a decent amount of medals aside from that one. NYPD Medal of Valor recipient Officer Juan Pichardo, left, poses with sister NYPD Officer Ana Pichardo, middle, and brother NYPD Officer Jose Pichardo, right, on Tuesday at the NYPD. Trooper Grebleski activated his emergency lights to stop the suspect vehicle as it continued north bound on ST-34 and Trooper Segur pulled alongside Trooper Grebleski, while driving north in the south bound lane. The robbers returned gunfire and Trooper Sperr succumbed to a mortal wound at the scene. Two Purple Shield Medals were awarded. To learn about each recipients act of valor, click on the individuals name. Sergeant Edward J. Kelly and Police Officers Thomas P. Ciancarelli, David D. Henenlotter and Richard A. Hermann of the Nassau County Police Department, disregarded their own safety when they formed a human chain and entered a burning dwelling to pull a man and two elderly women to safety. The outer background and ribbon are police blue. If you have any information regarding the whereabouts of any of the medals, or are related to any of the recipients, please email: wingedfist@gmail.com. In 2008, Fire and EMS Medal Books were merged into one joint publication. 29 Police Combat Crosses, and 13 Medals of Valor during a ceremony at Police Plaza in lower Manhattan. Trooper Fallen Officer Sergeant Verdell Smith Sr. After nearly 10 minutes of sporadic gunfire, Captain Lane approached the vehicle and took the assailant into custody without further incident. But that is the job, and nobody does it better than the NYPD. This award is three color fields, green, white and blue and dressed with a silver star. The bullets struck the vehicles hood and windshield, close to Sgt. Officer Lebzelter returned fire along with Officers Reda, Moore, and Bennett, who had arrived on the scene as backup. Members who have successfully and intelligently performed an act of extraordinary heroism, while engaged in personal combat with an armed adversary under circumstances of imminent personal hazard to life. Mediterranean evergreen laurel leaves, representing honor and glory dating back to ancient Rome, surround the center of the medal. Shortly after a speeding taxi was stopped by New York State Trooper Ian Henry, the passenger in the cab opened fire with an assault rifle, shattering the rear window of the taxi and striking the windshield of Trooper Henrys vehicle. The outer background and ribbon are police blue. Inv. Detective Robert T. Gallagher of the New York City Police Department received the award for his work as a member of the department's anti-robbery team. Officer Reeds actions diverted the gunman from continuing his assault on the firefighters, and allowed other responding officers to safely retreat during the firefight. The obverse of the medal bears the image of the Police Memorial Statue, representing the years of selfless service that New York City police officers have given to its citizens. Police Officer Matthew Dziergowski of the New York City Police Department, disregarded his own safety while covering an accident scene, when he placed his patrol car between a speeding vehicle and his fellow officers. It recognizes acts of extraordinary courage and bravery displayed by NYPD officers while in the line of duty, often involving personal risk or danger. The vehicle had severed a utility pole cascading high voltage electrical lines onto the wet pavement and around the victim. The cross is suspended by a ring from green silk ribbon. Syracuse Police Department Lieutenant James Milana, Officer Victoria Losurdo and Officer Travis Rheinheimer Three officers were honored for their apprehension of a gunman who shot at Lieutenant Milana the bullet striking his vehicles windshield near his head after he responded to a call of an individual with a gun on February 4, 2018. A high-speed vehicle pursuit ensued, ending with the suspect's vehicle crashing into a gas pump. This award-related article is a stub. Meritorious Police Duty (MPD) Honorable Mention Florida's horse country, specifically the Ocala area, presents a unique set of challenges for gardeners who are used to more traditional farmland. New York City Police Department Medal of Honor - Wikipedia The 23-year-veteran was treated for a skull and facial fractures and multiple stab wounds; he suffered permanent loss of vision in both eyes. The six additional Medals of Honor were awarded to Police Officers William F. Fischer, Jose R. Guerra, Gregory N. John, William S. Madigan, James P. McGrath, and Joseph A. Ocasio. Despite his heroic efforts in finding the child, carrying him to safety and administering CPR, Officer Raynor was unable to save the child's life. Before succumbing to his wound, he disarmed the gunman, pulled off his ski mask and proceeded to give chase. Senator Charles E. Schumer announced his appointment of Brooklyn native and 37-year NYPD veteran, Joseph Fox, to the Medal of Valor Review Board. COPS HONORED AT ANNUAL NYPD MEDAL DAY - New York Post On July 5, 1921, at a meeting of the Honor Committee of the New York City Police Department, the Martin J. Sheridan Medal for Valor was established in honor of Detective Martin J. Sheridan - the Irish-American Athletic Club's star Olympic champion who died in 1918 on the eve of his 37th birthday. The annual Medal Day Ceremony honors both uniformed and civilian members of the NYPD of all ranks who have made significant acts of heroism, some who have even made the ultimate sacrifice, laying down their lives in the upholding of their sworn oath as Police Officers. Recipients of the Police Combat Cross, the department's second-highest honor, included Sgt. This information was graciously provided by the NYPD Office of the Chief of Personnel and the New York City Police Museum. This is what New York policing is all about.". Officer Maher handed the child off to another rescuer, and then proceeded to drag the grandmother to safety. Sergeant David B. Grossman of the New York State Police was recognized for his acts of bravery in rescuing three people from a burning automobile. Gardening in Florida's Horse Country: Overcoming Challenges and Utilizing Local Resources, Title: Navigating Florida's Horse Country Gardening Challenges Post Dec 02, 2010 #26 2010-12-02T22:40. . A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Webster Police Officer Mark Reed - At 5:36 a.m. on Christmas Eve 2012, Officer Reed was dispatched to a report of a vehicle fire close to a house at 191 Lake Road. A Law Enforcement Purple Heart and Certificate issued by the National Association of Chiefs of Police. Get Service. He is credited with preventing the shooter from harming civilians caught in the midst of the dangerous event. Recipients of the Medal for Valor are highly respected within the department and the community for their exceptional bravery and commitment to public service. HONORABLE MENTION-Awarded for an act of extroadinary bravery, intelligently performed, in The Line Of Duty at imminent and personal danger to life. Officer Reda provided emergency medical treatment to slow Officer Mahers bleeding until she could be brought to the hospital. The sandy soil and hot, wet summers can make it difficult for plants to thrive, but with some adjustments and local knowledge, you can still enjoy a successful gardening experience. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly awarded fifteen Medals of Valor at the 2012 Medal Day ceremony. A subsequent investigation into the incident revealed that the shooter had a prior history of threatening behavior toward the AT&T employees and carried a "hit list" with their names, and extra rounds of ammunition, the day of the shooting. 88 members of the New York City Police Department were honored at the 2019 Medal Day Ceremony. On September 10, 2004, New York City Police Department Detectives Robert Parker and Patrick Rafferty sacrificed their lives while attempting to effect the arrest of a domestic violence subject. I was actually surprised to see that he would wear it. A high-speed vehicle pursuit ensued, ending with . A shot was fired from the wood line and Officer Corr fell to the ground. Once outside the officer stood by the victims until EMS personnel arrived. An act of extraordinary bravery intelligently performed in the line of duty at imminent and personal danger to life. Without warning, the man then grabbed a 12-inch knife and repeatedly stabbed Officer Wright in the face, head and eyes. There were fifteen Medals of Valor awarded by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly at the 2010 Medal Day ceremony. The Mayor and Police Commissioner were joined by family members of the honorees at the ceremony at One Police Plaza. The New York City Police Department Medal of Valor Unarmed and off-duty, State Police Investigator Rodney Livolsi came upon the scene, assisting Trooper Henry by using his personal vehicle to provide Trooper Henry with cover so he could back his vehicle down the highway to get out of firing range. Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor is the New York City Police Department's highest award. Winged Fist Recipients of the Sheridan Medal for Valor The medal was first presented in 1922 and regularly awarded until discontinued in 1975. One of the suspects fled running into the woods. Officer Timoshenko succumbed to his wounds on July 14, 2007. The three officers ensured the safety of residents and their law enforcement colleagues during the incident. It was last awarded on January 21, 1884. these en ligne. The two gold stars signify the level of importance associated with this recognition. New York City Police Department Medal for Valor. The individual then ran across South Salina Street toward a nearby ramp to Highway 81, firing over his shoulder at Sgt. Furthermore, there is evidence that suggests that plants grown in cement blocks do not suffer from BER (blossom-end rot), which c, Growing Tomatoes from Saved Seed: Tips to Achieve Maximum Germination Rate, Seed Saving: Tips for Ensuring Maximum Germination Rate

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