He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic. Carpet weaving is an essential part of the Persian culture,[124] and Persian rugs are said to be one of the most detailed hand-made works of art. Iranian." (2015) also found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware culture and Sintashta culture. Many ancient Sanskrit texts from a later period make references to such tribes they were witness of pointing them towards the southeasternmost edges of Central Asia, around the Hindukush range in northern Pakistan. A number of languages and dialects from three language familiesIndo-European, Altaic, and Afro-Asiaticare also spoken. There are also small communities of Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Their noses were a distinctive shape thats been described as hooked, wavy, sharp, and curved all at once. Safavid to Qajar Periods", "ARCHITECTURE vii. The Himalayan is an extreme looking breed. [56] Other aspects of this national culture included the glorification of a great heroic past and an archaizing spirit. [109] They are primarily located in the western regions of India principally the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, with smaller communities in other parts of India and in South and Southeast Asia. [20] Herodotus, in his Histories, remarks about the Iranian Medes that "Medes were called anciently by all people Arians" (7.62). The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan", "IRAN ii. [125], According to the accounts reported by Xenophon, a great number of singers were present at the Achaemenid court. [102] Various annual festivals that were mainly related to agriculture and herding were celebrated, the most important of which was the New Year (Nowruz), which is still widely celebrated. Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) [78], The extensive contact between these Scytho-Sarmatian Iranian tribes in Eastern Europe and the (Early) Slavs included religion. This video is a guide on how to identify a Persian cat based on their physical chara. The early Iranian peoples practiced the ancient Iranian religion, which, like that of other Indo-European peoples, embraced various male and female deities. [80] Fars, corresponding to the ancient province of Persia, with its modern capital Shiraz, became a center of interest, particularly during the annual international Shiraz Arts Festival and the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire. 17th-century Persian potteries from Isfahan. conquered by Iranian culture. [56] Middle Persian, which is the immediate ancestor of Modern Persian and a variety of other Iranian dialects,[57][60][61][62] became the official language of the empire[63] and was greatly diffused among Iranians. [19] The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the works of Rumi, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi, the Divn of Hafez, The Conference of the Birds by Attar of Nishapur, and the miscellanea of Gulistan and Bustan by Saadi Shirazi are among the famous works of medieval Persian literature. [37] The Indo-Aryans split off around 18001600 BC from the Iranians,[38] whereafter they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians,[39] who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone[40] and "chased [the Indo-Aryans] to the extremities of Central Eurasia. In rural areas, which are largely agrarian, social stratification is much less marked. The name of Ariana is further extended to a part of Persia and of Media, as also to the Bactrians and Sogdians on the north; for these speak approximately the same language, with but slight variations. [78] Contemporary embracement of the legacy of Iran's ancient empires, with an emphasis on the Achaemenid Persian Empire, developed particularly under the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty, providing the motive of a modern nationalistic pride. Saladin, a noted adversary of the Crusaders, was an ethnic Kurd, while various empires centered in Iran (including the Safavids) re-established a modern dialect of Persian as the official language spoken throughout much of what is today Iran and the Caucasus. [35], On 21 March 1935, former king of Iran Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty issued a decree asking the international community to use the term Iran, the native name of the country, in formal correspondence. Ancient Persians were known for being of a relatively large stature. [102] Zoroastrianism, a form of the ancient Iranian religion that is still practiced by some communities,[103] was later developed and spread to nearly all of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian Plateau. The regal-looking Persian cat is the ultimate feline for lap-sitting and couch cuddling. Products of the weaving industry are both used locally and exported. This revolution brought a regime to power that uniquely combined elements of a parliamentary democracy with an Islamic theocracy run by the countrys clergy. Thanks for the input Cheri, I think this adds value to the piece. "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in its characteristic features ()". Identifying a Persian Cat: Physical Characteristics and Behavioral Cues. The area around Mesopotamia was very fertile, which gave the Persians a life easier than some countries further south. [30] Eudemus of Rhodes (Dubitationes et Solutiones de Primis Principiis, in Platonis Parmenidem) refers to "the Magi and all those of Iranian (reion) lineage". Pointing: It is considered rude to point your index finger at another person during conversation. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A relative paucity of "Indian" haplogroup. Although the system of government was intended as a parliamentary democracy, persistent instability both at home and abroad have steered its slide into a more theocratic authoritarianism. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. The head is round with large, round eyes. These Sarmatians were also known to the Romans, who conquered the western tribes in the Balkans and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as Roman Britain. The vast majority of Persians practice Shite Islam. Kmmel, Martin Joachim. [127], Iranian music, as a whole, utilizes a variety of musical instruments that are unique to the region, and has remarkably evolved since the ancient and medieval times. [52][53] At the peak of its power, under the infamous Mithridates VI the Great, the Kingdom of Pontus also controlled Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos, and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. [16] The Middle Iranian terms rn and aryn are oblique plural forms of gentilic r- (in Middle Persian) and ary- (in Parthian), both deriving from Old Persian ariya- (), Avestan airiia- () and Proto-Iranian *arya-.[16][17]. [19] Old Persian written works are attested on several inscriptions from between the 6th and the 4th centuries BC, and Middle Persian literature is attested on inscriptions from the Parthian and Sasanian eras and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD. From Scythia to Camelot by Littleton and Malcor, pp. They found that different groups (e.g. In the early 18th and 19th centuries, scholars suggested that all Aryan peoples were white and fair-haired. This First Persian Empire was equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under a king) and a government working to the profit of its subjects, for building infrastructure such as a postal system and road systems and the use of an official language across its territories and a large professional army and civil services (inspiring similar systems in later empires),[66] and for emancipation of slaves including the Jewish exiles in Babylon, and is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city states during the Greco-Persian Wars. The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. However, the term Persian is still historically used to designate the predominant population of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian cultural continent. They have a rounded head, small, rounded ears, and big eyes. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. [80] [48], The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. The ancient Iranian peoples who emerged after the 1st millennium BC include the Alans, the Bactrians, the Dahae, the Khwarazmians, the Massagetae, the Medes, the Parthians, the Persians, the Sagartians, the Sakas, the Sarmatians, the Scythians, the Sogdians, and likely the Cimmerians, among other Iranian-speaking peoples of Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Eastern Steppe. A significant stereotype that was invented in the last few centuries is that Persians are Arabs. 14767. Ancient Iranian goddess Anahita depicted on a Sasanian silver vessel. Confronting the cultural and linguistic dominance of the Persians, beginning by the Umayyad Caliphate, the Arab conquerors began to establish Arabic as the primary language of the subject peoples throughout their empire, sometimes by force, further confirming the new political reality over the region. In 2022 the states push to pacify economic unrest through repression prompted widespread and debilitating protests, which were catalyzed in part by the death of Jina Mahsa Amini while she was in custody for improper attire. Persian holidays are occasions for enjoying local foods. [86] The oldest attested text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscription,[87] a multilingual inscription from the time of Achaemenid ruler Darius the Great carved on a cliff in western Iran. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. [79], The Sarmatians of the east, based in the PonticCaspian steppe, became the Alans, who also ventured far and wide, with a branch ending up in Western Europe and then North Africa, as they accompanied the Germanic Vandals and Suebi during their migrations. [15], The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian rn / AEran () and Parthian Aryn. In the 1st millennium AD, their area of settlement, which was mainly concentrated in the steppes and deserts of Eurasia,[7] was significantly reduced as a result of Slavic, Germanic, Turkic, and Mongolic expansions; many were subjected to Slavicization[8][9][10][11] and Turkification. [4] They are native speakers of the modern dialects of Persian,[82] which serves as the country's official language.[83]. [68] The Arabic term Ajam, denoting "people unable to speak properly", was adopted as a designation for non-Arabs (or non-Arabic speakers), especially the Persians. [105] This population was linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups, while the sedentary population eventually adopted the Persian language, which began to spread within the region since the time of the Sasanian Empire. All of the major Iranian peoples reasserted their use of Iranian languages following the decline of Arab rule, but would not begin to form modern national identities until the 19th and early 20th centuries. The inscription of Bistun (or Behistun; Old Persian: Bagastana) describes itself to have been composed in Arya [language or script]. 10 Persian People Physical Characteristics and Stereotypes Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The name Persia derives from Parsa, the name of the Indo-European nomadic people who migrated into southern Iranto an area then called Persisabout 1000 bce. [34] Lady Mary (Leonora Woulfe) Sheil, in her observation of Iran during the Qajar era, states that the Kurds and the Leks would consider themselves as belonging to the race of the "old Persians". Finely decorated pre-Islamic structures still stand in several ancient cities, as do spectacular mosques and shrines from the Muslim era. List of geographic names of Iranian origin, "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey", "The Early History of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid Empire to the Death of Cambyses", "AZERBAIJAN vii. Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shii clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shii Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other. The countrys difficulties led to the ascent in 1925 of the Pahlavi line, whose ill-planned efforts to modernize Iran led to widespread dissatisfaction and the dynastys subsequent overthrow in the revolution of 1979. )-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 20:02. Iranians have been taken advantage of over the years by many people and have become very mistrusting of others at times. The various religions of the Iranian peoples are believed by some scholars to have been significant early philosophical influences on Christianity and Judaism. [145], This article is about the group of Indo-European peoples. Its length is some 615 miles (990 km), and its width varies from a maximum of about 210 miles (340 km) to a minimum of 35 miles (55 km . We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. For example, around 2% of Irans population (which is majority Persian) are Arab. A thriving contemporary Persian literature has also been formed by the works of writers such as Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Parvin E'tesami, Sadegh Hedayat, and Simin Daneshvar, among others. [20], Strabo, in his Geographica (1st century AD), mentions of the Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Sogdians of the Iranian Plateau and Transoxiana of antiquity:[31]. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and Greek. The Greek chronicler, Herodotus (5th century BC) makes references to a nomadic people, the Scythians; he describes them as having dwelt in what is today southern European Russia and Ukraine. Reformist elements rose within the government during the last decade of the 20th century, opposed both to the ongoing rule of conservative clergy and to Irans continued political and economic isolation from the international community. Persian Gulf, Arabic Bar Fris, Persian Khalj-e Frs, also called Arabian Gulf, shallow marginal sea of the Indian Ocean that lies between the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Iran. As Persian people generally resist doing anything that would bring shame to their name or family, they are known for adhering to social expectations in their homeland. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province of Bithynia and Pontus, and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom. [60] Samples of Old Persian have been discovered in present-day Iran, Armenia, Egypt, Iraq, Romania (Gherla),[84][85] and Turkey. [29] Thus, especially in the Western world, the names Persia and Persian came to refer to all of Iran and its subjects. Following the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire in the medieval times, the Arab caliphates established their rule over the region for the next several centuries, during which the long process of the Islamization of Iran took place. Ancient Persian Culture flourished between the reign of Cyrus II (The Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE), founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and the fall of the Sassanian Empire in 651 CE. By the time of the Sasanian Empire, a national culture that was fully aware of being Iranian took shape, partially motivated by restoration and revival of the wisdom of "the old sages" (dngn pngn). and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Ancient Persia | Culture, People & Daily Life - Video & Lesson An alliance of the Medes with the Persians, and rebelling Babylonians, Scythians, Chaldeans, and Cimmerians, helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BC, which resulted in the eventual collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by 605 BC. The Iranian New Year's Day, Nowruz, which translates to "new day", is celebrated by Persians and other peoples of Iran to mark the beginning of spring on the vernal equinox on the first day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian calendar, which corresponds to around March 21 in the Gregorian calendar. [118] The quintessential feature of Achaemenid architecture was its eclectic nature, with elements from Median architecture, Assyrian architecture, and Asiatic Greek architecture all incorporated.[119]. [32], All this evidence shows that the name Arya was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ohrmazd.[20]. Iranian ethnic group who make up over half the population of Iran, , 10th-century Arab Muslim writer Ibn Hawqal, in his, harv error: no target: CITEREFShapur_Shahbazi2005 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2000 (, harv error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 (. [48] Its legacy and impact on the kingdom of Macedon was also notably huge,[14] even for centuries after the withdrawal of the Persians from Europe following the Greco-Persian Wars.[14]. [74] Persian language and culture continued to prevail after the invasions and conquests by the Mongols and the Turks (including the Ilkhanate, Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Khwarazmians, and Timurids), who were themselves significantly Persianized, further developing in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, where Persian culture flourished by the expansion of the Persianate societies, particularly those of Turco-Persian and Indo-Persian blends. Light eyes of a blue, green, and grey color are relatively common among the same minority groups yet, also common in the bulk of the darker-skinned population. Persian villages often pride themselves on the unique designs and high quality of their carpets, most of which display the typical geometric figures and floral designs prevalent in Muslim visual art. The Greco-Persian Wars resulted in the Persians being forced to withdraw from their European territories, setting the direct further course of history of Greece and the rest of Europe. Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian Plateau, stretching from the Caucasus in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south and from eastern Anatolia in the west to western Xinjiang in the easta region that is sometimes called the Iranian Cultural Continent,[14] representing the extent of the Iranian-speakers and the significant influence of the Iranian peoples through the geopolitical and cultural reach of Greater Iran. [21][16][22][23], In the Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta. The ancestors of the Persian people still mainly live in modern-day Iran and share a significant amount of characteristics with their ancient ancestors. Persian people worked as dress and costume makers, craftspeople and merchants, and even government . However, it did not yet have a political import. In 552 BC, the Achaemenid Persians revolted against the Median monarchy, leading to the victory of Cyrus the Great over the throne in 550 BC. Another Iranian tribe related to the Saka-Scythians were the Parni in Central Asia, and who later become indistinguishable from the Parthians, speakers of a northwest-Iranian language. Until the Parthian era, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. [50] Similarly near Sardis, there was the plain of Cyrus, which further signified the presence of numerous Persian settlements in the area. Some inhabitants of Iran are not necessarily ethnic Iranians by virtue of not being speakers of Iranian languages. In contemporary terminology, people from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan who natively speak the Persian language are known as Tajiks, with the former two countries having their own dialects of Persian known as Dari and Tajiki, respectively; whereas those in the Caucasus (primarily in the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan, Russia), albeit heavily assimilated, are known as Tats. The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia around the mid-2nd millennium BC. Updates? 8 Stereotypes All Iranians Hate - Culture Trip Due to recent migrations, there are also large communities of speakers of Iranian languages in Europe, the Americas. [45] Meanwhile, under the dynasty of the Achaemenids, the Persians formed a vassal state to the central Median power. [111] The Parsis have adapted many practices and tendencies of the Indian groups that surrounded them, such as Indian dress norms, and the observance of many Indian festivals and ceremonies.[111]. From the Achaemenian period the region that is now Irantraditionally known as Persiahas been influenced by waves of indigenous and foreign conquerors and immigrants, including the Hellenistic Seleucids and native Parthians and Sasanids. The Kurds are . The Persian language belongs to the western group of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Update of 30 Mar (2018). The Sarmatians differed from the Scythians in their veneration of the god of fire rather than god of nature, and women's prominent role in warfare, which possibly served as the inspiration for the Amazons. The term Persian, meaning "from Persia", derives from Latin Persia, itself deriving from Greek Perss ( ), [24] a Hellenized form of Old Persian Prsa ( ), which evolves into Frs ( ) in modern Persian. With her masses of fur, she can appear to be rather large. Recent population genomic studies found that the genetic structure of Iranian peoples formed already about 5,000 years ago and show high continuity since then, suggesting that they were largely unaffected by migration events from outside groups. James Minahan, "One Europe, Many Nations", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. pg 518: "The Ossetians, calling themselves Iristi and their homeland Iryston are the most northerly Iranian people. By the end of the 13th century, Iranian music also maintained a twelve-interval octave, which resembled the western counterparts.[128]. During the Achaemenid era, Persian colonists settled in Asia Minor. This, compared to Finlands 178cm, Canadas ; the UKs 177cm, means they are still of a reasonably large height. [126] Overall, Sasanian music was influential and was adopted in the subsequent eras. The Persian is a medium-to large-sized cat with short, muscular legs, a short back, a cobby, sturdy body and a deep chest. Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies (Cambridge, September 1995). However, its not uncommon to come across a very light skinned and fair-haired Persian, especially in some of the minority groups across the country. [74] Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia (mostly modern Ukraine and Southern Russia, also to a smaller extent north eastern Balkans around Moldova). The Old Avestan texts known as the Gathas are believed to have been composed by Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, with the Yaz culture (c. 1500 BC 1100 BC) as a candidate for the development of Eastern Iranian culture. https://helpfulprofessor.com/persian-people-physical-characteristics/. All the advice on this site is general in nature. They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans who were pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and in the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the 4th century CE. The Persian garden, the earliest examples of which were found throughout the Achaemenid Empire, has an integral position in Persian architecture. [50], The earliest known chariots have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the Old World and played an important role in ancient warfare. Scythian tribes, along with Cimmerians, Sarmatians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea. The enclosure of this symmetrically arranged planting and irrigation by an infrastructure such as a palace created the impression of "paradise". [51] In all these centuries, Lydia and Pontus were reportedly the chief centers for the worship of the Persian gods in Asia Minor. Five of the most common physical attributes are listed below: Persian people are usually olive-skinned and dark-haired, which has been the norm for thousands of years. Many Iranian tribes, including the Khwarazmians, Massagetae and Sogdians, were assimilated and/or displaced in Central Asia by the migrations of Turkic tribes emanating out of Xinjiang and Siberia.[82]. Most meals include rice, meat (usually lamb), and onions and other vegetables, all uniquely seasoned with saffron, turmeric, rose water, mint, and lime in various combinations. However, due to their different environmental adaptations through migration, the Iranian peoples embrace some degrees of diversity in dialect, social system, and other aspects of culture.[1]. some of the largest rivers; the Dniestr and Dniepr), as well as loanwords adopted predominantly through the Eastern Slavic languages and adopted aspects of Iranian culture amongst the early Slavs, are all a remnant of this. [98][99][62], The Hazaras, making up the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan,[100][101][102] speak a variety of Persian by the name of Hazaragi,[103] which is more precisely a part of the Dari dialect continuum. [46] It is now recognised as a separate entity forming part of the 'Andronovo horizon'.[45]. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. One of the most common misconceptions or stereotypes about the Persian people is that they speak Arabic. Genetic markers in the Hungarian population: Then and now Persian Cat Breed - Facts and Personality Traits | Hill's Pet The process of subdivision and conquest culminated in the establishment of the . [70] However, there is plenty of evidence (in addition to the accounts of Herodotus) that Greeks, apart from being deployed and employed in the core regions of the empire, also evidently lived and worked in the heartland of the Achaemenid Empire, namely Iran. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. [78] They were used especially during the modernization of Iran under the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty to contribute to the characterization of the modern country with its ancient history.[79][80]. Regueiro et al (2006)[132] and Grugni et al (2012)[133] have performed large-scale sampling of Y chromosome haplogroups of different ethnic groups within Iran. [64][65][66] Cappadocia in Late Antiquity, now well into the Roman era, still retained a significant Iranian character; Stephen Mitchell notes in the Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity: "Many inhabitants of Cappadocia were of Persian descent and Iranian fire worship is attested as late as 465".[67]. Harvard University Press, 1978. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [46], At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from parts of Eastern Europe in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo-Iranian languages, though it may have overlapped the early Uralic-speaking area at its northern fringe. [54] Strabo, who observed them in the Cappadocian Kingdom in the first century BC, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" possessed many "holy places of the Persian Gods", as well as fire temples. In addition to the Zoroastrians, Persian adherents of the Bah faith (which originated in Iran) constitute a tiny minority of the population, their religion having been strongly discouraged by the Muslim government. Pahlavi, before World War II", "FRS iv. In 21st-century Iran there remain a small number of Zoroastrians; larger numbers of Zoroastrians now live in South Asia. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. The authors concluded that the Iranian gene pool has been an important source for the Middle Eastern and Eurasian Y chromosome diversity, and the results suggest that there was already rather high Y chromosome diversity during the Neolithic period, placing Iranian populations in between Europeans, Middle Easterners and South Asians. 5th-century BC Achaemenid gold vessels. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods", "Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar", "Iranian Nationalism and Zoroastrian Identity", "Iran vi. Throughout the 1st millennium AD, the large presence of the Sarmatians who once dominated Ukraine, Southern Russia, and swaths of the Carpathians, gradually started to diminish mainly due to assimilation and absorption by the Germanic Goths, especially from the areas near the Roman frontier, but only completely by the Proto-Slavic peoples.
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